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Using Lumped Ports and Lumped Elements in Electromagnetic Field Modeling

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When modeling frequency-domain and time-domain electromagnetic fields in theMagnetic Fieldsinterface in the AC/DC Module, an add-on to the COMSOL Multiphysics^®software, theLumped Portboundary condition can be used to model a connection to a source or to an arbitrary electrical load. TheLumped Elementnode is similar to theLumped Portboundary condition and represents loads of certain types.

Both features have four geometry types that affect the shape of the boundary at which it can applied. TheLumped Portboundary condition has three different terminal types that affect how the connected source or load is modeled. This guide goes through these geometry- and terminal-type options for frequency-domain and time-domain modeling.

The Excitation and Load Options for Frequency-Domain Modeling

TheLumped Portboundary condition represents the terminal of a transmission line (a cable) connected to the modeling space. The three options forTerminal typesareCurrent,Cable, andCircuit, and these can be combined within a single model. TheLumped Elementnode represents a connection to a lumped impedance that can be complex-valued.

TheCurrenttype imposes a specified current,, going through the model and induces electric and magnetic fields throughout the modeled space. If there are multipleLumped Portconditions of typeCurrent, then a complex-valued imposed current is equivalent to a phase shift between them. For example, imposed currents of,, andat three different lumped ports correspond to three-phase excitation. For more details on working with complex-valued numbers in the frequency domain, see ourarticle on this topic.

The induced electric fields at theLumped Portboundary condition are integrated to compute the port voltage,. This port voltage is complex-valued, and if it is the only source in the model, it is used to compute the port impedance,, as well as the cycle-averaged power,, delivered to the model. It is also possible to impose zero current, which represents an open-circuit configuration. In this situation, the only output is the open-circuit voltage at that terminal induced by all other sources in the model.

TheCabletype is similar to theCurrenttype and includes a parallel resistor of specified characteristic impedance,. This impedance represents a transmission line, so even when there is no excitation, theCabletype represents a real-valued impedance connected to the system. For theCabletype, the excitation is explicitly specified asOnorOff. When the excitation isOn, theSource typeoption can be set as eitherVoltageorPower. Both of these options impose a current based on the assumption that the impedance of the modeled system matches the cable impedance. That is, the total impedance seen by the current source is assumed to be half the cable impedance. So, whenVoltage,, is specified, then the imposed current is, and a phase shift between excited lumped ports can be introduced via a complex-valued voltage or a nonzeroPort Phase. WhenPower,, is specified, then the imposed current is.

For theCabletype, the computed port current,, is the current going through the model, and the port voltage,, will be different from the specified voltage,, unless the impedance of the model exactly matches the cable impedance. The computed port impedance is. For a model with one or moreLumped Portboundary condition of terminal typeCable, the S-parameters will also be computed.

TheCircuittype represents a connection to an arbitrary combination of lumped electrical elements, including resistors, capacitors, inductors, mutual inductance, and transformers as well as current and voltage sources. This combination can be of arbitrary complexity, but all lumped electrical elements in a frequency-domain model must be linear, so elements like diodes and switches instead need to be addressed via a time-domain model.

TheLumped Elementnode represents a connection to an arbitrary impedance. The impedance is defined as a combination of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor in series or in parallel or a user-defined impedance, which allows for an arbitrary complex-valued impedance as a function of frequency.

TheLumped Portboundary condition can be of typeCurrent(1),Cable(2), orCircuit(3) and can represent excited or unexcited connections, whereas theLumped Elementnode (4) solely represents an impedance; it does not include any excitation.

Geometry Types

Both theLumped Portand theLumped Elementfeature have multiple geometry-type options:Via,User Defined,Uniform, andCoaxial. These affect the shape and topology of the boundaries at which they can be applied.

Via

TheViatype is meant to be used along a straight section of a circular conductor — a wire. It has to be applied on a set of faces that describe the complete circular perimeter of the wire. This boundary condition imposes a uniform current density around its entire perimeter, flowing parallel to its axis. The cylindrical domain inside of the lumped port should be omitted from the model. Although theViatype can be placed anywhere along the length of a wire, its most accurate usage is in a region of the model where the fields can be expected to be nearly invariant in the axial and azimuthal directions. It can also be used on a set of cylindrical faces placed between noncylindrical conductive domains or conductive boundaries.

A gray wire with red arrows along the wire and blue arrows pointing in a counterclockwise direction around the wire.

Current (red arrows) flowing along a straight section of wire and the surrounding magnetic field (blue arrows). The fields are invariant in the azimuthal direction and along the length.

When the volume of the adjacent conductor is being modeled, the cross-sectional faces at either end of the lumped port should be set toMagnetic Insulation, implying an equipotential condition over the cross section. The imposed current flowing along the lumped port boundary will induce currents in the adjacent domains and boundaries.

A gray wire with a half transparent blue boundary and red cones and arrows showing the current direction.

AVia-typeLumped Portboundary condition is applied at the yellow surfaces that bridge a gap along the circular wire. The imposed lumped port current induces surface currents (red cones) on the magnetic insulation boundaries (blue) that are at the cross sections of the conductors. Volumetric currents (red arrows) that exhibit the skin effect are induced within the volume of the conductive domains (gray).

TheViatype is also meant to be used between the layers of metallization of a circuit board. In this situation, one or both of the adjacent conductors may be modeled as conductive boundary conditions of zero geometric thickness.

A yellow semicylinder connected to a green circuit board with gray connectors and red arrows showing the excitation direction.

AVia-typeLumped Portboundary condition excitation between two conductive traces of a circuit board. The traces can be modeled either as boundary conditions or as volumes.

Uniform

TheUniformtype can only be applied to a rectangular face that bridges a gap between a combination of eitherMagnetic Insulation,Impedance, orTransitionboundary conditions. The imposed surface current is in the direction between these conductive boundaries. TheUniformtype is reasonable to use for exciting a microstrip, either along its length or relative to a ground plane, or for introducing aLumped Elementimpedance between conductors. Since theUniformtype exists entirely within the volume of the modeled space, it excites fields on both sides. The source, and load, can be thought of as existing on the surface itself without occupying any volume. It is a more approximate condition and can be substituted with aViatype if higher accuracy is desired.

A gray rectangle highlighting a yellow section with red cones to show the surface current.

AUniform-typeLumped Portboundary condition excitation (yellow) along the length of a conductive strip (gray) modeled as aTransition Boundary Condition.The surface currents (red cones) are uniform across the lumped port, but on the conductive surface, inductive effects drive the currents toward the edges.

A yellow uniform lumped port above a ground plane with red cones showing the excitation current of a stripline.

AUniform-typeLumped Portboundary condition used to excite a stripline above a ground plane.

A blue and yellow lumped element model between two gray wires with red cones to show the current.

AUniform-typeLumped Elementnode placed between twoMagnetic Insulationboundary conditions is used to introduce an impedance between two conductive wires. The current flowing within the volume of the wire flows onto theMagnetic InsulationandLumped Element boundaries.

User Defined

TheUser Definedtype is primarily useful for connections to noncircular wires. The direction, height, and width of the lumped port needs to be entered manually. These correspond to the direction in which the current is being driven; the distance across the lumped port; and the width, or perimeter, of the set of selected faces.

A gray rectangular prism highlighting a yellow user-defined section with red cones and arrows.

AUser Defined-typeLumped Portboundary condition placed along a noncircular wire. The user-defined direction is a vector between the conductors, the height is the distance between them, and the width is the perimeter of the conductor.

Coaxial

TheCoaxialtype is applied to an annular face that describes a cross section through the dielectric domain between the inner and outer conductor of a coaxial cable. The inner and outer conductors can be modeled either as solid conductors, asMagnetic Insulationboundary conditions, or as theImpedance Boundary Condition. The coaxial lumped port imposes a current along the surface that matches the analytic displacement currents within a lossless cable, so if the inner and outer conductors are modeled usingMagnetic Insulationboundary conditions, then the fields next to theCoaxial-typeLumped Portboundary condition will approach the exact analytic solution, in the limit of mesh refinement.

A transparent gray tube with a blue magnetic insulation boundary condition showing red cones and arrows to represent the excitation.

TheCoaxial-typeLumped Portcondition has to be applied to an annular face (yellow) between an inner and outer conductor (gray) that can be modeled as a boundary condition or as a volume. If the conductor is modeled as a volume, then theMagnetic Insulationboundary condition (blue) must be adjacent to theLumped Portboundary condition.

The Excitation and Load Options for Time-Domain Modeling

When modeling in the time domain, there are a few differences in the excitations and loads. TheCurrenttype excitation can accept any time-varying expression. TheCabletype excitation can only accept aVoltageexcitation. When evaluating outputs (voltage, current, power, impedance), these are all instantaneous quantities.

TheCircuittype allows for a connection to a system consisting of any arbitrary lumped electrical elements, including those with nonlinear response.

TheLumped Elementfeature admits only real-valued impedance; it cannot be used to add inductive or capacitive loads in a time-domain model.

TheTransition Boundary ConditionandImpedance Boundary Conditionfeatures are not available for time-domain modeling. All lossy materials need to be modeled as domains.