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Supplement A: Equations

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There are several interfaces in COMSOL Multiphysics^®that are frequently used for electrovibroacoustics modeling, including theMagnetic Fields,Pressure Acoustics,Solid Mechanics, andThermoviscous Acousticsinterfaces. The governing equations and mathematical formulations for each of these interfaces are listed and described below. The formulations adopted for the electrovibroacoustics multiphysics couplings are also included.

The Magnetic Fields Equations

TheMagnetic Fieldsinterface solves Maxwell’s equations and is formulated using the magnetic vector potential, .

The equations solved in a time-dependent analysis are:,

,

, and

,

where:

The total electric current density,, includes the contribution from the induced electric field,.

The time-harmonic equations solved in the frequency domain are:

,

,

, and

,

whereis the angular frequency.

The Pressure Acoustics Equations

For time-dependent analysis, the governing equation that solves for pressure waves in the fluids is the scalar wave equation,

,

where:

•= total acoustic pressure
•= density
•= speed of sound

The monopole domain source,, and the dipole domain source,, provide an option to add a mass source or a domain force source when applicable. They are both set to zero by default.

The time-harmonic formulation solved in the frequency domain is the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation,

,

where is the angular frequency. The subscripttoandrefers to the fact that the density and speed of sound may be complex-valued for lossy fluid media.

The Solid Mechanics Equations

The governing equation that is solved for elastic waves in the solids is given by Newton’s second law of motion. COMSOL Multiphysics^®uses the material frame formulation, i.e., a Lagrangian version of the equation. In the time domain, it reads:

,

where:

The time-harmonic formulation solved in the frequency domain is:

,

where:

•= angular frequency
•= phase of the body force

The Thermoviscous Acoustics Equations

In a full thermoviscous acoustics model, the equations solved are the first- and second-order perturbation formulations of the Navier–Stokes equations in quiescent background conditions, including the continuity, momentum, and energy equations. In the time domain, they read:

,

,

, and

,

where:

The time-harmonic equations solved in the frequency domain are:

,

,

, and

,

whereis the angular frequency.

Multiphysics Coupling Equations for Electrovibroacoustics

The Lorentz Coupling

To implement a multiphysics coupling between the theMagnetic Fieldsinterface and theSolid Mechanicsinterface theLorentz Couplingfeature (available up to version 6.1) can be used or theMagnetomechanics Couplingfeature, withOnly use Lorentz forceenabled, can be used. It passes the Lorentz force from theMagnetic Fieldsinterface to theSolid Mechanicsinterface and passes the structural velocity, which leads to the induced electric field, from theSolid Mechanicsinterface to theMagnetic Fieldsinterface. The Lorentz force and the induced electric field are calculated using these equations:

and

,

where:

The total electric current density,, includes contributions from both the applied and induced electric fields and is used to calculate the Lorentz force,.

The Acoustic-Structure Boundary Coupling

TheAcoustic-Structure Boundaryfeature is a multiphysics coupling used to connect aPressure Acousticsmodel to any structural component. The coupling includes the fluid load on the structure and the structural acceleration as experienced by the fluid. Mathematically, the condition on a fluid–solid interface reads:

,

where:

•= surface normal
•= structural acceleration
•= load (force per unit area) experienced by the structure

TheAcoustic-Structure Boundarycoupling can also be used to couple aPressure Acousticsmodel with aShellmodel. When the shells are interior structures with fluid on both sides, a slit is added to the pressure variable and care is taken to couple the up and down sides

such that the acoustic load is given by the pressure drop across the thin structure. Theandsubscripts refer to the two sides of the interior boundary.

The Acoustic-Thermoviscous Acoustic Boundary

TheAcoustic-Thermoviscous Acoustic Boundaryfeature couples aThermoviscous Acousticsinterface with aPressure Acousticsinterface.

The coupling prescribes continuity in the total normal stress (dynamic condition) and total normal acceleration (kinematic condition) for the mechanical part. An adiabatic condition is prescribed for the total temperature to match the physical assumptions of the pressure acoustics formulation. In the time domain, the coupling reads

.

For clarity, the pressure variable is denotedfor thermoviscous acoustics andfor pressure acoustics. In the frequency domain, the first equation becomes

.

The Thermoviscous Acoustic-Structure Boundary

This feature is used to couple aThermoviscous Acousticsinterface with any structural component. The coupling prescribes continuity in the displacement field at the fluid–structure boundaries,

or,

where:

•= total fluid velocity (including a background component if applicable)
•= structure displacement

The first equation is in the time domain, and the second equation is in the frequency domain. This coupling results in the stress also being continuous across the boundary. The condition for the total temperature, , can be set to either isothermal or adiabatic.